Co-Designing Traffic Control with NVMe-oF for Disaggregated Storage: A Comparative Study of Switched and Switchless SAN Architectures

Disaggregated storage is a pivotal component of today’s cluster infrastructures. With the advent of high-bandwidth server interconnects and new NVMe form factors, commodity storage appliances are becoming denser, delivering tens of millions of IOPS. This calls for today’s storage area network (SAN) fabric to expand the bandwidth capacity drastically. Industry practices tackle this issue via either (i) a scale-up approach, upgrading the per-port bandwidth in a switched SAN, or (ii) a scale-out strategy, integrating more paths in a switchless SAN. However, it is unclear which network architecture is more suitable for scaling storage disaggregation.

This paper presents a comparative study of switched and switchless SAN architectures from several angles. We begin by developing an experimental methodology that integrates both small-scale real-system prototypes and large-scale simulations, providing the flexibility needed to explore architectural trade-offs. We then characterize NVMe-oF I/O flows and co-design SAN traffic control mechanisms around these characteristics to improve I/O transmission efficiency in both settings. Our evaluation yields several key findings. First, the switchless SAN achieves throughput comparable to that of the switched SAN, despite involving additional routing hops, while simultaneously reducing latency through the use of multiple load-aware I/O paths that mitigate interference. Second, the switchless SAN reduces capital costs by obviating the need for expensive high-radix switches, scales effectively under heterogeneous I/O workloads, and avoids the single point of failure associated with top-of-rack (ToR) switches. Collectively, these results demonstrate that switchless SANs provide a compelling alternative to traditional switched designs for disaggregated storage environments.