Privacy Solution or Menace? Investigating Perceptions of Radio-Frequency Sensing

Radio-frequency sensors are often introduced as privacy-preserving alternatives to cameras, as they enable similar use cases without relying on visual data. However, researchers argue that radio-frequency sensors cause privacy risks similar to cameras and even introduce additional risks. We conducted in-depth interviews (N=14) and a large-scale vignette survey (N=510) to understand people's perceptions and privacy concerns around radio-frequency sensing. Most interviewees were initially unaware of the full capabilities of radio-frequency sensing but expressed nuanced concerns upon learning more. Our survey revealed that, while people expressed concerns, they mostly preferred radio-frequency sensors over cameras in private locations. However, they preferred cameras when considering radio-frequency sensing from a neighbor's perspective and in security-relevant situations. Protective measures can reduce concerns, but the best protection depends on the context. Our findings can inform educational and legislative efforts to ensure a privacy-preserving future with radio-frequency technology.